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2011年 3月 20日 (日) 05:27:59 JST
Revision: 71690c84ff11 Author: Naoki INADA <inada****@klab*****> Date: Sat Mar 19 08:56:24 2011 Log: What's new を Python 2.6.6 のものに置き換え. http://code.google.com/p/python-doc-ja/source/detail?r=71690c84ff11 Modified: /whatsnew/2.4.rst /whatsnew/2.5.rst /whatsnew/2.6.rst ======================================= --- /whatsnew/2.4.rst Sun Nov 21 07:57:58 2010 +++ /whatsnew/2.4.rst Sat Mar 19 08:56:24 2011 @@ -680,9 +680,6 @@ Written by Facundo Batista and implemented by Facundo Batista, Eric Price, Raymond Hettinger, Aahz, and Tim Peters. - http://research.microsoft.com/~hollasch/cgindex/coding/ieeefloat.html - A more detailed overview of the IEEE-754 representation. - http://www.lahey.com/float.htm The article uses Fortran code to illustrate many of the problems that floating- point inaccuracy can cause. @@ -756,7 +753,7 @@ :ctype:`double` to an ASCII string. The code for these functions came from the GLib library -(http://developer.gnome.org/arch/gtk/glib.html), whose developers kindly +(http://library.gnome.org/devel/glib/stable/), whose developers kindly relicensed the relevant functions and donated them to the Python Software Foundation. The :mod:`locale` module can now change the numeric locale, letting extensions such as GTK+ produce the correct results. ======================================= --- /whatsnew/2.5.rst Sun Nov 21 07:57:58 2010 +++ /whatsnew/2.5.rst Sat Mar 19 08:56:24 2011 @@ -1765,7 +1765,7 @@ http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm. ElementTree represents an XML document as a tree of element nodes. The text -content of the document is stored as the :attr:`.text` and :attr:`.tail` +content of the document is stored as the :attr:`text` and :attr:`tail` attributes of (This is one of the major differences between ElementTree and the Document Object Model; in the DOM there are many different types of node, including :class:`TextNode`.) ======================================= --- /whatsnew/2.6.rst Tue Jun 8 18:28:23 2010 +++ /whatsnew/2.6.rst Sat Mar 19 08:56:24 2011 @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ :Release: |release| :Date: |today| -.. $Id: 2.6.rst 71282 2009-04-05 21:48:06Z georg.brandl $ +.. $Id: 2.6.rst 81887 2010-06-11 01:07:06Z andrew.kuchling $ Rules for maintenance: * Anyone can add text to this document. Do not spend very much time @@ -84,8 +84,6 @@ .. ======================================================================== .. Large, PEP-level features and changes should be described here. -.. Should there be a new section here for 3k migration? -.. Or perhaps a more general section describing module changes/deprecation? .. ======================================================================== Python 3.0 @@ -111,9 +109,9 @@ :func:`reduce` function. Python 3.0 adds several new built-in functions and changes the -semantics of some existing built-ins. Functions that are new in 3.0 +semantics of some existing builtins. Functions that are new in 3.0 such as :func:`bin` have simply been added to Python 2.6, but existing -built-ins haven't been changed; instead, the :mod:`future_builtins` +builtins haven't been changed; instead, the :mod:`future_builtins` module has versions with the new 3.0 semantics. Code written to be compatible with 3.0 can do ``from future_builtins import hex, map`` as necessary. @@ -348,9 +346,10 @@ * The code in *BLOCK* is executed. -* If *BLOCK* raises an exception, the :meth:`__exit__(type, value, traceback)` - is called with the exception details, the same values returned by - :func:`sys.exc_info`. The method's return value controls whether the exception +* If *BLOCK* raises an exception, the context manager's :meth:`__exit__` method + is called with three arguments, the exception details (``type, value, traceback``, + the same values returned by :func:`sys.exc_info`, which can also be ``None`` + if no exception occurred). The method's return value controls whether an exception is re-raised: any false value re-raises the exception, and ``True`` will result in suppressing it. You'll only rarely want to suppress the exception, because if you do the author of the code containing the ':keyword:`with`' statement will @@ -461,7 +460,7 @@ with db_transaction(db) as cursor: ... -The :mod:`contextlib` module also has a :func:`nested(mgr1, mgr2, ...)` function +The :mod:`contextlib` module also has a ``nested(mgr1, mgr2, ...)`` function that combines a number of context managers so you don't need to write nested ':keyword:`with`' statements. In this example, the single ':keyword:`with`' statement both starts a database transaction and acquires a thread lock:: @@ -470,8 +469,9 @@ with nested (db_transaction(db), lock) as (cursor, locked): ... -Finally, the :func:`closing(object)` function returns *object* so that it can be -bound to a variable, and calls ``object.close`` at the end of the block. :: +Finally, the :func:`closing` function returns its argument so that it can be +bound to a variable, and calls the argument's ``.close()`` method at the end +of the block. :: import urllib, sys from contextlib import closing @@ -680,15 +680,15 @@ for N in range(1, 1000, 10): p.apply_async(factorial, (N, d)) - # Mark pool as closed -- no more tasks can be added. - p.close() - - # Wait for tasks to exit - p.join() - - # Output results - for k, v in sorted(d.items()): - print k, v + # Mark pool as closed -- no more tasks can be added. + p.close() + + # Wait for tasks to exit + p.join() + + # Output results + for k, v in sorted(d.items()): + print k, v This will produce the output:: @@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ else: return str(self) -There's also a :func:`format` built-in that will format a single +There's also a :func:`format` builtin that will format a single value. It calls the type's :meth:`__format__` method with the provided specifier:: @@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ feature for Python. The ABC support consists of an :mod:`abc` module containing a metaclass called :class:`ABCMeta`, special handling of this metaclass by the :func:`isinstance` and :func:`issubclass` -built-ins, and a collection of basic ABCs that the Python developers +builtins, and a collection of basic ABCs that the Python developers think will be widely useful. Future versions of Python will probably add more ABCs. @@ -1318,9 +1318,9 @@ >>> 0b101111 47 -The :func:`oct` built-in still returns numbers +The :func:`oct` builtin still returns numbers prefixed with a leading zero, and a new :func:`bin` -built-in returns the binary representation for a number:: +builtin returns the binary representation for a number:: >>> oct(42) '052' @@ -1329,7 +1329,7 @@ >>> bin(173) '0b10101101' -The :func:`int` and :func:`long` built-ins will now accept the "0o" +The :func:`int` and :func:`long` builtins will now accept the "0o" and "0b" prefixes when base-8 or base-2 are requested, or when the *base* argument is zero (signalling that the base used should be determined from the string):: @@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ combined using bitwise operations such as ``&`` and ``|``, and can be used as array indexes and slice boundaries. -In Python 3.0, the PEP slightly redefines the existing built-ins +In Python 3.0, the PEP slightly redefines the existing builtins :func:`round`, :func:`math.floor`, :func:`math.ceil`, and adds a new one, :func:`math.trunc`, that's been backported to Python 2.6. :func:`math.trunc` rounds toward zero, returning the closest @@ -1481,6 +1481,13 @@ Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are: +* Directories and zip archives containing a :file:`__main__.py` file + can now be executed directly by passing their name to the + interpreter. The directory or zip archive is automatically inserted + as the first entry in sys.path. (Suggestion and initial patch by + Andy Chu, subsequently revised by Phillip J. Eby and Nick Coghlan; + :issue:`1739468`.) + * The :func:`hasattr` function was catching and ignoring all errors, under the assumption that they meant a :meth:`__getattr__` method was failing somehow and the return value of :func:`hasattr` would @@ -1516,7 +1523,7 @@ Previously this would have been a syntax error. (Contributed by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc; :issue:`3473`.) -* A new built-in, ``next(iterator, [default])`` returns the next item +* A new builtin, ``next(iterator, [default])`` returns the next item from the specified iterator. If the *default* argument is supplied, it will be returned if *iterator* has been exhausted; otherwise, the :exc:`StopIteration` exception will be raised. (Backported @@ -1631,11 +1638,6 @@ :cfunc:`PyObject_HashNotImplemented`. (Fixed by Nick Coghlan and Amaury Forgeot d'Arc; :issue:`2235`.) -* Changes to the :class:`Exception` interface - as dictated by :pep:`352` continue to be made. For 2.6, - the :attr:`message` attribute is being deprecated in favor of the - :attr:`args` attribute. - * The :exc:`GeneratorExit` exception now subclasses :exc:`BaseException` instead of :exc:`Exception`. This means that an exception handler that does ``except Exception:`` @@ -1772,8 +1774,8 @@ .. ====================================================================== -New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules -===================================== +New and Improved Modules +======================== As in every release, Python's standard library received a number of enhancements and bug fixes. Here's a partial list of the most notable @@ -1781,42 +1783,12 @@ :file:`Misc/NEWS` file in the source tree for a more complete list of changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details. -* (3.0-warning mode) Python 3.0 will feature a reorganized standard - library that will drop many outdated modules and rename others. - Python 2.6 running in 3.0-warning mode will warn about these modules - when they are imported. - - The list of deprecated modules is: - :mod:`audiodev`, - :mod:`bgenlocations`, - :mod:`buildtools`, - :mod:`bundlebuilder`, - :mod:`Canvas`, - :mod:`compiler`, - :mod:`dircache`, - :mod:`dl`, - :mod:`fpformat`, - :mod:`gensuitemodule`, - :mod:`ihooks`, - :mod:`imageop`, - :mod:`imgfile`, - :mod:`linuxaudiodev`, - :mod:`mhlib`, - :mod:`mimetools`, - :mod:`multifile`, - :mod:`new`, - :mod:`pure`, - :mod:`statvfs`, - :mod:`sunaudiodev`, - :mod:`test.testall`, and - :mod:`toaiff`. - * The :mod:`asyncore` and :mod:`asynchat` modules are being actively maintained again, and a number of patches and bugfixes were applied. (Maintained by Josiah Carlson; see :issue:`1736190` for one patch.) -* The :mod:`bsddb` module also has a new maintainer, Jesús Cea, and the package +* The :mod:`bsddb` module also has a new maintainer, Jesús Cea Avion, and the package is now available as a standalone package. The web page for the package is `www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm <http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm>`__. @@ -1826,7 +1798,7 @@ The :mod:`bsddb.dbshelve` module now uses the highest pickling protocol available, instead of restricting itself to protocol 1. - (Contributed by W. Barnes; :issue:`1551443`.) + (Contributed by W. Barnes.) * The :mod:`cgi` module will now read variables from the query string of an HTTP POST request. This makes it possible to use form actions @@ -1980,9 +1952,9 @@ (Contributed by Phil Schwartz; :issue:`1221598`.) * The :func:`reduce` built-in function is also available in the - :mod:`functools` module. In Python 3.0, the built-in has been + :mod:`functools` module. In Python 3.0, the builtin has been dropped and :func:`reduce` is only available from :mod:`functools`; - currently there are no plans to drop the built-in in the 2.x series. + currently there are no plans to drop the builtin in the 2.x series. (Patched by Christian Heimes; :issue:`1739906`.) * When possible, the :mod:`getpass` module will now use @@ -1995,8 +1967,6 @@ a Unicode path was used and Unicode filenames are matched within the directory. (:issue:`1001604`) -* The :mod:`gopherlib` module has been removed. - * A new function in the :mod:`heapq` module, ``merge(iter1, iter2, ...)``, takes any number of iterables returning data in sorted order, and returns a new generator that returns the contents of all @@ -2156,13 +2126,6 @@ (Contributed by Christian Heimes and Mark Dickinson.) -* The :mod:`MimeWriter` module and :mod:`mimify` module - have been deprecated; use the :mod:`email` - package instead. - -* The :mod:`md5` module has been deprecated; use the :mod:`hashlib` module - instead. - * :class:`mmap` objects now have a :meth:`rfind` method that searches for a substring beginning at the end of the string and searching backwards. The :meth:`find` method also gained an *end* parameter @@ -2228,7 +2191,7 @@ This produces better results when operating on Unix's dot-files. For example, ``os.path.splitext('.ipython')`` now returns ``('.ipython', '')`` instead of ``('', '.ipython')``. - (:issue:`115886`) + (:issue:`1115886`) A new function, ``os.path.relpath(path, start='.')``, returns a relative path from the ``start`` path, if it's supplied, or from the current @@ -2245,10 +2208,7 @@ and can optionally take new command-line arguments for the program. (Contributed by Rocky Bernstein; :issue:`1393667`.) -* The :mod:`posixfile` module has been deprecated; :func:`fcntl.lockf` - provides better locking. - - The :func:`post_mortem` function, used to begin debugging a +* The :func:`pdb.post_mortem` function, used to begin debugging a traceback, will now use the traceback returned by :func:`sys.exc_info` if no traceback is supplied. (Contributed by Facundo Batista; :issue:`1106316`.) @@ -2258,9 +2218,6 @@ opcodes, returning a shorter pickle that contains the same data structure. (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger.) -* The :mod:`popen2` module has been deprecated; use the :mod:`subprocess` - module. - * A :func:`get_data` function was added to the :mod:`pkgutil` module that returns the contents of resource files included with an installed Python package. For example:: @@ -2316,8 +2273,6 @@ (Contributed by Guido van Rossum from work for Google App Engine; :issue:`3487`.) -* The :mod:`rgbimg` module has been removed. - * The :mod:`rlcompleter` module's :meth:`Completer.complete()` method will now ignore exceptions triggered while evaluating a name. (Fixed by Lorenz Quack; :issue:`2250`.) @@ -2336,12 +2291,6 @@ for that file. (Contributed by Christian Heimes; :issue:`1657`.) -* The :mod:`sets` module has been deprecated; it's better to - use the built-in :class:`set` and :class:`frozenset` types. - -* The :mod:`sha` module has been deprecated; use the :mod:`hashlib` module - instead. - * The :func:`shutil.copytree` function now has an optional *ignore* argument that takes a callable object. This callable will receive each directory path and a list of the directory's contents, and returns a list of names that @@ -2404,7 +2353,7 @@ e-mail between agents that don't manage a mail queue. (LMTP implemented by Leif Hedstrom; :issue:`957003`.) - SMTP.starttls() now complies with :rfc:`3207` and forgets any + :meth:`SMTP.starttls` now complies with :rfc:`3207` and forgets any knowledge obtained from the server not obtained from the TLS negotiation itself. (Patch contributed by Bill Fenner; :issue:`829951`.) @@ -2414,9 +2363,13 @@ environments. TIPC addresses are 4- or 5-tuples. (Contributed by Alberto Bertogli; :issue:`1646`.) - A new function, :func:`create_connection`, takes an address - and connects to it using an optional timeout value, returning - the connected socket object. + A new function, :func:`create_connection`, takes an address and + connects to it using an optional timeout value, returning the + connected socket object. This function also looks up the address's + type and connects to it using IPv4 or IPv6 as appropriate. Changing + your code to use :func:`create_connection` instead of + ``socket(socket.AF_INET, ...)`` may be all that's required to make + your code work with IPv6. * The base classes in the :mod:`SocketServer` module now support calling a :meth:`handle_timeout` method after a span of inactivity @@ -2803,7 +2756,7 @@ * ``filter(predicate, iterable)``, ``map(func, iterable1, ...)``: the 3.0 versions - return iterators, unlike the 2.x built-ins which return lists. + return iterators, unlike the 2.x builtins which return lists. * ``hex(value)``, ``oct(value)``: instead of calling the :meth:`__hex__` or :meth:`__oct__` methods, these versions will @@ -2821,7 +2774,7 @@ often used in web applications. For more information about JSON, see http://www.json.org. -:mod:`json` comes with support for decoding and encoding most builtin Python +:mod:`json` comes with support for decoding and encoding most built-in Python types. The following example encodes and decodes a dictionary:: >>> import json @@ -2949,6 +2902,73 @@ .. ====================================================================== +Deprecations and Removals +========================= + +* String exceptions have been removed. Attempting to use them raises a + :exc:`TypeError`. + +* Changes to the :class:`Exception` interface + as dictated by :pep:`352` continue to be made. For 2.6, + the :attr:`message` attribute is being deprecated in favor of the + :attr:`args` attribute. + +* (3.0-warning mode) Python 3.0 will feature a reorganized standard + library that will drop many outdated modules and rename others. + Python 2.6 running in 3.0-warning mode will warn about these modules + when they are imported. + + The list of deprecated modules is: + :mod:`audiodev`, + :mod:`bgenlocations`, + :mod:`buildtools`, + :mod:`bundlebuilder`, + :mod:`Canvas`, + :mod:`compiler`, + :mod:`dircache`, + :mod:`dl`, + :mod:`fpformat`, + :mod:`gensuitemodule`, + :mod:`ihooks`, + :mod:`imageop`, + :mod:`imgfile`, + :mod:`linuxaudiodev`, + :mod:`mhlib`, + :mod:`mimetools`, + :mod:`multifile`, + :mod:`new`, + :mod:`pure`, + :mod:`statvfs`, + :mod:`sunaudiodev`, + :mod:`test.testall`, and + :mod:`toaiff`. + +* The :mod:`gopherlib` module has been removed. + +* The :mod:`MimeWriter` module and :mod:`mimify` module + have been deprecated; use the :mod:`email` + package instead. + +* The :mod:`md5` module has been deprecated; use the :mod:`hashlib` module + instead. + +* The :mod:`posixfile` module has been deprecated; :func:`fcntl.lockf` + provides better locking. + +* The :mod:`popen2` module has been deprecated; use the :mod:`subprocess` + module. + +* The :mod:`rgbimg` module has been removed. + +* The :mod:`sets` module has been deprecated; it's better to + use the built-in :class:`set` and :class:`frozenset` types. + +* The :mod:`sha` module has been deprecated; use the :mod:`hashlib` module + instead. + + +.. ====================================================================== + Build and C API Changes ======================= @@ -2972,10 +2992,37 @@ architectures (x86, PowerPC), 64-bit (x86-64 and PPC-64), or both. (Contributed by Ronald Oussoren.) +* A new function added in Python 2.6.6, :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx`, sets + the value of ``sys.argv`` and can optionally update ``sys.path`` to + include the directory containing the script named by ``sys.argv[0]`` + depending on the value of an *updatepath* parameter. + + This function was added to close a security hole for applications + that embed Python. The old function, :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv`, would + always update ``sys.path``, and sometimes it would add the current + directory. This meant that, if you ran an application embedding + Python in a directory controlled by someone else, attackers could + put a Trojan-horse module in the directory (say, a file named + :file:`os.py`) that your application would then import and run. + + If you maintain a C/C++ application that embeds Python, check + whether you're calling :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv` and carefully consider + whether the application should be using :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx` + with *updatepath* set to false. Note that using this function will + break compatibility with Python versions 2.6.5 and earlier; if you + have to continue working with earlier versions, you can leave + the call to :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv` alone and call + ``PyRun_SimpleString("sys.path.pop(0)\n")`` afterwards to discard + the first ``sys.path`` component. + + Security issue reported as `CVE-2008-5983 + <http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_; + discussed in :issue:`5753`, and fixed by Antoine Pitrou. + * The BerkeleyDB module now has a C API object, available as ``bsddb.db.api``. This object can be used by other C extensions that wish to use the :mod:`bsddb` module for their own purposes. - (Contributed by Duncan Grisby; :issue:`1551895`.) + (Contributed by Duncan Grisby.) * The new buffer interface, previously described in `the PEP 3118 section <#pep-3118-revised-buffer-protocol>`__, @@ -3274,6 +3321,15 @@ scoping rules, also cause warnings because such comparisons are forbidden entirely in 3.0. +For applications that embed Python: + +* The :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx` function was added in Python 2.6.6, + letting applications close a security hole when the existing + :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv` function was used. Check whether you're + calling :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgv` and carefully consider whether the + application should be using :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx` with + *updatepath* set to false. + .. ======================================================================
