WinSCP
edit= PuTTYgenを使う
PuTTYgenはSSH/SCP等で利用される[public_key 公開鍵/秘密鍵]を作成するツールです。PuTTYgenではRSAおよびDSA鍵を作成できます。
PuTTYgenはWinSCPのインストーラに同梱されており、通常WinSCPとともにインストールされます。
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====== Using PuTTYgen ======
PuTTYgen is a key generator. It generates pairs of [[public_key|public and private keys]] to be used with WinSCP. PuTTYgen generates RSA and DSA keys.
PuTTYgen can is installed by [[installation|WinSCP installation package]]. You can also find link to the program in the [[&download|Download]].
When you have installed PuTTYgen with WinSCP, find WinSCP folder in Windows //Start// menu and go to //Key tools > PuTTYgen// to start PuTTYgen.
&screenshotpict(puttygen)
When you run PuTTYgen you will see a window where you have two choices: //Generate//, to generate a new public/private key pair, or //Load// to load in an existing private key.
===== Generating a New Key =====
This is a general outline of the procedure for generating a new key pair. The following sections describe the process in more detail.
* First, you need to select which type of key you want to generate, and also select [[ui_puttygen#size|the strength of the key]].
* Then press the //Generate// button, to actually [[ui_puttygen#generate|generate the key]].
* Once you have generated the key, select [[ui_puttygen#comment|a comment]] field and [[ui_puttygen#passphrase|a passphrase]].
* Now you're ready to [[ui_puttygen#saving_private|save the private key to disk]]; press the //Save private key// button.
Your key pair is now ready for use. You may also want to copy the public key to your server, either by copying it out of the //[[ui_puttygen#authorized_keys|Public key for pasting into authorized_keys file]]// box, or by using the //[[ui_puttygen#saving_public|Save public key]]// button. However, you don't need to do this immediately; if you want, you can [[ui_puttygen#reloading|load the private key]] back into PuTTYgen later and the public key will be available for copying and pasting again.
For more details refer to guide to [[guide_public_key|setting up public key authentication]].
===== [[type]] Selecting the Type of Key =====
Before generating a key pair using PuTTYgen, you need to select which type of key you need. PuTTYgen currently supports three types of key:
* An RSA key for use with the SSH-1 protocol.
* An RSA key for use with the SSH-2 protocol.
* A DSA key for use with the SSH-2 protocol.
The SSH-1 protocol only supports RSA keys; if you will be connecting using the SSH-1 protocol, you must select the first key type or your key will be completely useless.
The SSH-2 protocol supports more than one key type. The two types supported by WinSCP are RSA and DSA.
The WinSCP developers strongly recommend you use RSA. DSA has an intrinsic weakness which makes it very easy to create a signature which contains enough information to give away the private key! This would allow an attacker to pretend to be you for any number of future sessions. WinSCP's implementation has taken very careful precautions to avoid this weakness, but we cannot be 100% certain we have managed it, and if you have the choice we strongly recommend using RSA keys instead.
If you really need to connect to an SSH server which only supports DSA, then you probably have no choice but to use DSA. If you do use DSA, we recommend you do not use the same key to authenticate with more than one server.
===== [[size]] Selecting the Size (Strength) of the Key =====
The //Number of bits// input box allows you to choose the strength of the key PuTTYgen will generate.
Currently 1024 bits should be sufficient for most purposes.
Note that an RSA key is generated by finding two primes of half the length requested, and then multiplying them together. For example, if you ask PuTTYgen for a 1024-bit RSA key, it will create two 512-bit primes and multiply them. The result of this multiplication might be 1024 bits long, or it might be only 1023; so you may not get the exact length of key you asked for. This is perfectly normal, and you do not need to worry. The lengths should only ever differ by one, and there is no perceptible drop in security as a result.
DSA keys are not created by multiplying primes together, so they should always be exactly the length you asked for.
===== [[generate]] The Generate Button =====
Once you have chosen the type of key you want, and the strength of the key, press the //Generate// button and PuTTYgen will begin the process of actually generating the key.
First, a progress bar will appear and PuTTYgen will ask you to move the mouse around to generate randomness. Wave the mouse in circles over the blank area in the PuTTYgen window, and the progress bar will gradually fill up as PuTTYgen collects enough randomness. You don't need to wave the mouse in particularly imaginative patterns (although it can't hurt); PuTTYgen will collect enough randomness just from the fine detail of exactly how far the mouse has moved each time Windows samples its position.
When the progress bar reaches the end, PuTTYgen will begin creating the key. The progress bar will reset to the start, and gradually move up again to track the progress of the key generation. It will not move evenly, and may occasionally slow down to a stop; this is unfortunately unavoidable, because key generation is a random process and it is impossible to reliably predict how long it will take.
When the key generation is complete, a new set of controls will appear in the window to indicate this.
===== [[fingerprint]] The Key Fingerprint Box =====
The //Key fingerprint// box shows you a fingerprint value for the generated key. This is derived cryptographically from the public key value, so it doesn't need to be kept secret.
The fingerprint value is intended to be cryptographically secure, in the sense that it is computationally infeasible for someone to invent a second key with the same fingerprint, or to find a key with a particular fingerprint.
===== [[comment]] Setting a Comment for Your Key =====
If you have more than one key and use them for different purposes, you don't need to memorise the key fingerprints in order to tell them apart. PuTTYgen allows you to enter a comment for your key, which will be displayed whenever PuTTY or Pageant asks you for the passphrase.
The default comment format, if you don't specify one, contains the key type and the date of generation, such as rsa-key-20011212. Another commonly used approach is to use your name and the name of the computer the key will be used on, such as simon@simons-pc.
To alter the key comment, just type your comment text into the //Key comment// box before saving the private key. If you want to change the comment later, you can load the private key back into PuTTYgen, change the comment, and save it again.
===== [[passphrase]] Setting a Passphrase for Your Key =====
The //Key passphrase// and //Confirm passphrase// boxes allow you to choose a passphrase for your key. The passphrase will be used to encrypt the key on disk, so you will not be able to use the key without first entering the passphrase.
When you save the key, PuTTYgen will check that the //Key passphrase// and //Confirm passphrase// boxes both contain exactly the same passphrase, and will refuse to save the key otherwise.
If you leave the passphrase fields blank, the key will be saved unencrypted. You should not do this without good reason; if you do, your private key file on disk will be all an attacker needs to gain access to any machine configured to accept that key. If you want to be able to passwordless loginlog in without having to type a passphrase every time, you should consider using [[integration_app#pageant|Pageant]] so that your decrypted key is only held in memory rather than on disk.
Under special circumstances you may genuinely need to use a key with no passphrase; for example, if you need to run an automated batch script that needs to make an SSH connection, you can't be there to type the passphrase. In this case we recommend you generate a special key for each specific batch script (or whatever) that needs one, and on the server side you should arrange that each key is restricted so that it can only be used for that specific purpose. The documentation for your SSH server should explain how to do this (it will probably vary between servers).
Choosing a good passphrase is difficult. Just as you shouldn't use a dictionary word as a password because it's easy for an attacker to run through a whole dictionary, you should not use a song lyric, quotation or other well-known sentence as a passphrase. If you want your passphrase to make grammatical sense, this cuts down the possibilities a lot and you should use a longer one as a result.
Do not forget your passphrase. There is no way to recover it.
===== [[saving_private]] Saving Your Private Key to a Disk File =====
Once you have generated a key, set a comment field and set a passphrase, you are ready to save your private key to disk.
Press the //Save private key// button. PuTTYgen will put up a dialog box asking you where to save the file. Select a directory, type in a file name, and press //Save//.
This file is in PuTTY's native format (''*.PPK''); it is the one you will need to tell WinSCP to use for [[ui_login_session#session_group|authentication]].
===== [[saving_public]] Saving Your Public Key to a Disk File =====
RFC 4716 specifies a standard format for storing SSH-2 public keys on disk. Some SSH servers (such as ssh.com's) require a public key in this format in order to accept authentication with the corresponding private key. (Others, such as OpenSSH, use a different format)
To save your public key in the SSH-2 standard format, press the //Save public key// button in PuTTYgen. PuTTYgen will put up a dialog box asking you where to save the file. Select a directory, type in a file name, and press //Save//.
You will then probably want to copy the public key file to your SSH server machine.
If you use this option with an SSH-1 key, the file PuTTYgen saves will contain exactly the same text that appears in the //Public key for pasting// box. This is the only existing standard for SSH-1 public keys.
===== [[authorized_keys]] Public Key for Pasting into authorized_keys File =====
All SSH-1 servers require your public key to be given to it in a one-line format before it will accept authentication with your private key. The OpenSSH server also requires this for SSH-2.
The //Public key for pasting into authorized_keys file// gives the public-key data in the correct one-line format.
For more details refer to guide to [[guide_public_key|setting up public key authentication]].
===== [[reloading]] Reloading a Private Key =====
PuTTYgen allows you to load an existing private key file into memory. If you do this, you can then change the passphrase and comment before saving it again; you can also make extra copies of the public key.
To load an existing key, press the //Load// button. PuTTYgen will put up a dialog box where you can browse around the file system and find your key file. Once you select the file, PuTTYgen will ask you for a passphrase (if necessary) and will then display the key details in the same way as if it had just generated the key.
If you use the //Load// command to load a foreign key format, it will work, but you will see a message box warning you that the key you have loaded is not a PuTTY native key. See [[ui_puttygen#other_formats|below]] for information about importing foreign key formats.
===== [[other_formats]] Dealing with Private Keys in Other Formats =====
Most SSH-1 clients use a standard format for storing private keys on disk. WinSCP uses this format as well; so if you have generated an SSH-1 private key using OpenSSH or ssh.com's client, you can use it with WinSCP, and vice versa.
However, SSH-2 private keys have no standard format. OpenSSH and ssh.com have different formats, and WinSCP's is different again. So a key generated with one client cannot immediately be used with another.
Using the //Import// command from the //Conversions// menu, PuTTYgen can load SSH-2 private keys in OpenSSH's format and ssh.com's format. Once you have loaded one of these key types, you can then save it back out as a PuTTY-format key (''*.PPK'') so that you can use it with the WinSCP. The passphrase will be unchanged by this process (unless you deliberately change it). You may want to change the key comment before you save the key, since OpenSSH's SSH-2 key format contains no space for a comment and ssh.com's default comment format is long and verbose.
PuTTYgen can also export private keys in OpenSSH format and in ssh.com format. To do so, select one of the //Export// options from the //Conversions// menu. Exporting a key works exactly like saving it (see section 8.2.8) - you need to have typed your passphrase in beforehand, and you will be warned if you are about to save a key without a passphrase.
Note that since only SSH-2 keys come in different formats, the export options are not available if you have generated an SSH-1 key. ((&puttydoccite))
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